![]() ![]() CRPS can be divided into two distinct subtypes. In later stages, the limb typically becomes cold. Muscles become weak and the skin may appear glossy. For instance, vagal nerve stimulation might have the potential for treating CRPS through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.Ĭomplex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is generally characterized by chronic pain, changes in skin color and temperature, edema in the affected area, localized sweating, and altered pattern of hair and nail growth. Understanding the molecular basis of CRPS is important for its diagnosis, management, and treatment. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CRPS involve both inflammatory and neurological pathways. Menopause, migraine, osteoporosis, and asthma all represent risk factors for CRPS and in smokers the prognosis appears to be more severe. ![]() ![]() CRPS is more frequent in individuals of 61–70 years of age with a female to male ratio of 3 : 1. Stimulation of the vagus nerve is a promising technique being tested for different gastrointestinal and inflammatory diseases. As with other diseases of complex pathology, CRPS is difficult to treat and no single treatment regimen is the same for two patients. Various genetic factors involved in the chronicity of pain have been identified in CRPS patients. Chronic phase pathophysiology is more complex, involving the central and peripheral nervous systems. An inflammatory response involving various cytokines and autoantibodies is generated in response to acute trauma/stress. CRPS is characterized by prolonged or excessive pain and changes in skin color and temperature, and/or swelling in the affected area, and is generally caused by stimuli that lead to tissue damage. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), the underlying molecular mechanisms, and potential treatment options for its management. ![]()
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